ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
Relationship between agr types, toxin genes, and antibiotic resistance in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen whose virulence and antimicrobial resistance are regulated by complex genetic networks, including the accessory gene regulator (agr) system. Although the relationship between agr types, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and toxin gene distribution has been widely investigated, inconsistencies among reported findings highlight the need for further studies in different geographic and epidemiological settings. This study investigated the distribution of toxin genes, agr types and evaluated their association with antimicrobial resistance profiles in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates.
methodsA total of 150 isolates, comprising 75 methicillin−resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 75 methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates, were collected from clinical specimens at Kocaeli University Hospital, Türkiye. Identification was performed using MALDI TOF-MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by broth microdilution, and cefoxitin resistance was determined by disk diffusion. The agr groups (I–IV), toxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, eta, etb, tst, and pvl), mecA, and femA were detected by polymerase chain reaction.
resultsAgr group I was the most prevalent, followed by groups III and II. Isolates with higher toxin gene scores (≥ 2) were more frequently associated with agr group III, whereas lower scores (< 2) predominated in agr group I. MRSA isolates and resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin were more common in agr group III. Additionally, isolates harboring eta, tst, and pvl showed higher trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance rates.
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate significant associations between agr types, toxin gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance patterns, suggesting that agr typing may offer insight into the pathogenic and epidemiological characteristics of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates.
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