ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2026
Importance of Type and Direction of Eyelid Sliding to Mimic Blinking In Vitro for Dry Eye Disease and Contact Lens Research.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Importance of Type and Direction of Eyelid Sliding to Mimic Blinking In Vitro for Dry Eye Disease and Contact Lens Research.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Establish a physiologically relevant in vitro ocular friction mode that simulates the natural curvature of the eyelid over the eyeball to investigate the friction mechanisms underlying blink-related discomfort due to contact lens wear (CLW) and dry eye syndrome (DED). Methods: This study developed a pendulum friction device integrated with the UMT-3 TriboLab to simulate the natural curvature-following motion of the eyelid along the eyeball and measured the kinetic and static coefficients of friction (µk and µs, respectively) using fresh porcine eyelids and eyeballs, along with soft contact lenses (CLs) as tribo-pairs, under controlled speed, load, and sliding modes. Also, a relatively new parameter, relief period (RP), was used to compare different sliding motions and the presence of CL. Results: Tribological tests demonstrated that the natural swing motion consistently produced higher µk and longer RP values compared with artificial sliding or swing, underscoring the importance of sliding direction and mimicking natural blink. Natural swing had significantly higher µs and µk than the artificial sliding mode in a low-modulus CL, and it showed significantly higher µs than the other two artificial modes in a high-modulus CL. No significant difference in RP was observed for either CL. Conclusions: Ocular tribology is strongly influenced by the direction of sliding. Natural swing motion that mimics blinking produced higher µk and longer RP than simplified sliding modes. These effects were more pronounced for a low-modulus lens. Accurately replicating the sliding direction is essential for realistic modeling of blinking-related friction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.