ArticleBiophotonics discovery2026
Index matching improves the imaging quality of 3D well-of-the-well dishes for embryo culture.
Article in Biophotonics discovery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Significance: The success rate of Aim: To enable clinical deployment of WOW dishes, we demonstrate the fabrication of index-matching 3D WOW dishes that improve embryo imaging quality. Approach: We applied 3D printing and molding to fabricate agarose-based WOW dishes. The fabricated product was inspected using optical coherence tomography, and its reproducibility was validated. We applied a slanted-edge method to characterize optical resolution through substrates with different RIs and assessed geometric distortion of WOW dishes with different RIs using certified microspheres. To evaluate additional RI-dependent optical aberrations, we performed Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing and Zernike analysis on WOW dishes of different RIs. Finally, we assessed the stability of agarose microwells after a 6-day incubation and demonstrated Results: We confirmed that the proposed fabrication method has acceptable reproducibility. We found that low-RI material mitigates spherical aberration, improves optical resolution compared with high-RI materials, reduces geometric distortion, and eliminates visibility of ridge structures. Consistent with these observations, wavefront analysis showed that high-RI materials generated substantially higher-order aberrations, whereas low-RI materials produced minimal higher-order error. We validated that the agarose microwells retained their shapes after a 6-day incubation. We confirmed normal development of mouse embryos over 4 days in agarose-based dishes, indicating agarose-based WOW dishes are feasible for embryo culture. Conclusions: The proposed fabrication strategy eliminates a barrier to the integration of 3D WOW dishes for both culture and selection and may enable their clinical use to enhance IVF success rates.
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