ArticleBiophotonics discovery2026
Refractive index of milk fat globules and extracellular vesicles in human milk.
Article in Biophotonics discovery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Dilution Paradox in Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Influence of sample-specific properties on light scattering by human milk.Biophotonics discovery · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Significance: Human milk contains milk fat globules (MFGs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Knowing their refractive index is essential for accurate data interpretation obtained by optical methods, such as laser diffraction analysis. Aim: As the refractive index of MFGs and EVs in human milk is undescribed, we aimed to determine the refractive index of these particles and compare their refractive index values to those in bovine milk, which has been more extensively studied. Approach: Using flow cytometry, particles ranging from 200 to 650 nm were analyzed in 21 human milk samples and pooled bovine milk samples from four dairy farms. Results: Results show that the refractive index distribution of human MFGs ( Conclusions: This work provides insight into the refractive index of particles in human milk, which is essential for understanding milk-light interactions. Importantly, applying bovine MFG refractive index values in laser diffraction analysis for human MFGs can lead to significant errors in the estimation of particle size distributions.
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