ReviewJournal of Taibah University Medical Sciences2026
Sexual dimorphism of cranial fossae in forensic anthropology: A systematic review.
Review in Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Machine learning-driven forensic sex prediction using CT-based nasal and maxillary sinus metrics.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Sex Estimation Based on the Cranial Base of Three-Dimensional Skull Models from the Bosnia and Herzegovina Population Using Geometric Morphometrics.Journal of imaging · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Sex estimation is an essential step in forensic anthropology because it significantly narrows the identification pool. Traditional approaches emphasize extracranial traits but cranial fossa structures (CFS) have gained attention due to their potential roles in sex determination. This review summarizes the current methods and classification accuracies associated with CFS. Methods: Systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Studies published from 2000 to 2024 on sexual dimorphism in CFS were included, excluding those utilizing plain radiographs. The risk of bias was evaluated using a modified methodology quality score. Data extraction followed the PICO framework: population (origin of skulls), intervention (various materials and methods), comparison (male versus female differences), and outcome (accuracy of classification, size, and shape). Results: Sex classification using CFS yielded accuracy rates ranging from 77.9% to 92%. Crista galli length was most sexually dimorphic in the anterior cranial fossa, with 83.7% accuracy (male: 14.50-21.26 mm; female: 11.06-21.24 mm). In the middle cranial fossa, the distance between the foramina ovale had a sex classification accuracy of 63.9%, with mean measurements of 57.3-62.5 mm in males and 55.6-60.1 mm in females. The clivus length was the most sexually dimorphic structure within the posterior cranial fossa, where the sex classification accuracy was 67%, with mean values of 43.99-44.79 mm in males and 41.39-42.53 mm in females. Conclusion: Measurable sexual dimorphism traits are found in the CFS, particularly the crista galli, and can be used as indicators in forensic sex estimation.
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