Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42027684›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in neuroscience2026

Sex differences in the development, treatment, and prognosis of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland.

Timea-Chiara Annovazzi, Jens Kuhle, Pascal Benkert, Sabine Schaedelin, Joelle Schwarz, Enriqueta Vallejo-Yagüe, Carole Clair, Caroline Pot

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Timea-Chiara AnnovazziHealth and Gender Unit, University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Jens KuhleMultiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Pascal BenkertDepartment of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Sabine SchaedelinDepartment of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Joelle SchwarzHealth and Gender Unit, University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Enriqueta Vallejo-YagüeEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Carole Clair *Health and Gender Unit, University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Caroline Pot *Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: There has been growing recognition of potential differences in disease course and presentation between men and women with MS. This study examined sex differences in MS using data collected at study entry in the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort (SMSC). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of the data from 1541 SMSC participants (June 2012-February 2022) with persons with relapsing-remitting MS or Clinically Isolated Syndrome (named relapsing type) and progressive MS including persons with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) was performed. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, disease history, and severity indicators were examined, focusing on sex differences within progressive and relapsing MS types, and comparing these MS types. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-squared tests for group comparisons. Multivariate linear regression models were constructed to examine the independent association of sex with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, adjusting for age, disease duration, treatment category, recent relapse, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Women represented 65.8% of the cohort (1,014/1,541). BMI was significantly lower in women than in men in the relapsing type and SPMS (relapsing: Conclusion: This study identified sex differences in disease distribution, BMI and EDSS at their entry in the SMSC. These findings underscore the complexity of sex differences in MS and highlight the importance of prospective longitudinal studies with standardized severity assessments to clarify sex-specific disease trajectories and inform personalized treatment strategies.

Indexed as

body mass indexcross-sectional studydisabilitydisease progressionExpanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)gender differencesmultiple sclerosisneurodegeneration

Identifiers

PMID42027684
PMCPMC13100965

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.