ArticleBiophotonics discovery2025
Effects of skin tone and adipose thickness on frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy.
Article in Biophotonics discovery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Skeletal muscle microvascular and respiratory responses to exercise in healthy and T2D adults: agreement and reproducibility study of NIRS technologies.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- The confounding effects of skin colour in photoacoustic imaging.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Optical phantoms for the characterization and validation of imaging and spectroscopy: a review.Biophotonics discovery · 2026Review
- DrSVision: A Machine Learning Tool for Cortical Region-Specific fNIRS Calibration Based on Cadaveric Head MRI.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Noninvasive optical monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics in a preclinical model of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Significance: Frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) are used for the label-free measurement of chromophore concentrations, blood flow, and metabolism for tissues such as muscle or tumors. These tissues are embedded under the skin and adipose, the properties of which can vary between subjects, thus affecting the extraction of the target tissue's optical properties. Aim: We aim to characterize the effects of the skin tone and adipose thickness on FD-NIRS and DCS measurements and develop subject-specific multi-layer inverse models that account for these effects. Approach: A three-layer look-up-table-based inverse model that accounted for the skin tone and adipose thickness was generated using Monte Carlo simulations for each subject. Stackable tissue-mimicking silicone phantoms were fabricated and used to validate the models. A custom combined FD-NIRS and DCS system was then used to measure phantoms and the sternocleidomastoid muscle of healthy subjects. Subjects performed a breathing exercise that consisted of a baseline, load, and recovery. The skin tone of subjects was determined using a colorimeter. The adipose thickness was determined using ultrasound. The subject-specific three-layer model results were compared against a simpler single-layer model. Results: The skin tone and adipose thickness substantially affected the extraction of multiple FD-NIRS and DCS parameters. Oxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, tissue saturation ( Conclusion: We highlight the importance of accounting for both adipose thickness and skin tone when targeting underlying tissue. The multi-layer models we developed have the potential to be applied to a wide range of
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