ArticleKidney medicine2026
Impact of Duration of Outpatient Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate Therapy on Hyperkalemia-Related Health Care Resource Utilization: A Matched Cohort Analysis.
Article in Kidney medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Rationale & Objective: Matched real-word evidence studies characterizing the relationship between duration of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) therapy and hyperkalemia (HK)-related health care resource utilization (HRU) outcomes have been limited. In this GALVANIZE Outcome matched real-word evidence study, we compared HRU between matched short-term and long-term SZC users overall and in key sub-studies. Study Design: A retrospective, matched, observational cohort study. Setting & Population: Adults initiating outpatient SZC identified from a large United States claims database (July 2018-December 2022). Exposures: Short-term SZC use (≤30 days) versus long-term SZC use (>90 days). Outcomes: The composite primary outcome was HK-related hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits. Other outcomes included HK-related and all-cause hospitalizations, ED visits, and outpatient visits. Analytical Approach: Short-term and long-term SZC users were exactly and propensity score matched. Outcomes were compared during follow-up using generalized estimating equations. Sub-studies were conducted among renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor users, patients with renal conditions, Medicare Advantage beneficiaries, and Medicaid beneficiaries. Results: Among 3,133 eligible matched pairs (mean age 64 years; 58% male; 91% with kidney disease), patients with long-term versus short-term SZC use had a 40% lower rate of HK-related hospitalizations or ED visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.60 [95% CI, 0.52-0.70]), a 36% lower rate of HK-related hospitalizations (IRR 0.64 [95% CI, 0.55-0.74]), and a 49% lower rate of HK-related ED visits (IRR 0.51 [95% CI, 0.37-0.70]) during follow-up (all Limitations: Claims data contain limited clinical information; residual confounding factors remain possible. Conclusions: Patients with long-term SZC use had significantly lower rates of HK-related hospitalizations or ED visits than matched patients with short-term SZC use.
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