ArticleEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2026
Comparative evaluation of four large language models (ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Claude Sonnet-4, and DeepSeek-R1) for diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making in real-world otolaryngology scenarios.
Article in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeArtificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly integrated into clinical medicine, with large language models (LLMs) showing growing potential for diagnostic and therapeutic reasoning. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic and therapeutic performance of four distinct LLMs—ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Claude Sonnet-4, and DeepSeek-R1—within otolaryngology.
methodsA total of 100 real patient cases representing multiple otolaryngologic subspecialties were evaluated by each model. Two board-certified otolaryngologists, independently and blindly reviewed and scored all diagnostic and therapeutic outputs using a structured 0–1–2 scale, with consensus scores serving as the gold-standard reference.
resultsAll models achieved high diagnostic accuracy, with diagnostic accuracy rates of 99% for ChatGPT-5, 98% for Gemini 2.5 Pro, 94% for Claude Sonnet-4, and 92% for DeepSeek-R1. Therapeutic accuracy was comparatively lower, with Gemini 2.5 Pro achieving the highest rate of correct recommendations (86%), followed by DeepSeek-R1 and Claude Sonnet-4 (69% each), and ChatGPT-5 (64%). Overall differences in therapeutic performance among the four models were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). In pairwise comparisons, Gemini 2.5 Pro showed a statistically significant advantage over the other models. For each model, diagnostic performance was significantly higher than therapeutic performance (p ≤ 0.001 for each comparison).
conclusionLarge language models show great potential as clinical decision-support tools in otolaryngology, with Gemini 2.5 Pro demonstrating the most consistent and accurate therapeutic performance. However, the variability in treatment recommendations among models underscores the need for further refinement and continuous human oversight to ensure their safe and effective integration into clinical practice.
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