Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42024790›Full record

ArticleJournal of economic entomology2026

Sentinel monitoring for resistance to Bt toxins in European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Canada.

Jocelyn L Smith, Yasmine Farhan, Jason Wells, Caitlin Congdon, Julien Saguez, Holly Byker, John Gavloski, Josée Kelly, Galen Dively

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of economic entomology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jocelyn L SmithSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-6747-9798
Yasmine FarhanSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-4651-3237
Jason WellsNew Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries, Sussex, NB, Canada.
Caitlin CongdonPerennia Food and Agriculture Corporation, Kentville, NS, Canada.
Julien SaguezCÉROM, Centre de Recherche sur les Grains Inc, Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-8430-5842
Holly BykerOntario Crops Research Centre-Winchester, University of Guelph, Winchester, ON, Canada.
John GavloskiManitoba Agriculture, Carman, MB, Canada.
Josée KellySchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada.ORCID 0009-0000-8242-2183
Galen DivelyDepartment of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9469-6138

Funding

Bayer CropScience Inc.Centre de Recherche sur les GrainsCentre de Recherche sur les Grains (CÉROM)Grain Farmers of OntarioManitoba Crop AllianceNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada AllianceOntario Agri-Food Innovation AllianceOntario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and AgribusinessOntario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Agribusiness (OMAFA)Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc.Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc.Syngenta Canada Inc.The Atlantic Grains CouncilThe Atlantic Grains Council, Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc.the Manitoba Crop Alliance
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Transgenic corn Zea mays (L.) producing Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins (Bt corn) has successfully controlled the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), one of the most destructive corn pests in North America, for over 25 years. However, field-evolved resistance to Cry1Fa toxin was first documented in Nova Scotia, Canada, in 2018, with subsequent detections in Quebec and Manitoba. Before these discoveries, no resistance had been reported in O. nubilalis populations to Bt toxins, despite ongoing resistance monitoring mandated by regulatory agencies. Sentinel plots monitored in Canada during 2019 to 2023 reveal the first cases of resistance in O. nubilalis populations to Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105 toxins. Laboratory bioassays of field-derived populations corroborate these findings. This study serves as a case study demonstrating the value of sentinel plots for detecting field-evolved resistance and providing critical insights into regional resistance dynamics. Enhanced surveillance, particularly in regions with low Bt corn acreage, is essential to mitigate the spread of resistance and preserve Bt corn technology. This study underscores the need for robust and integrated monitoring frameworks to sustain the efficacy of Bt crops and prevent the resurgence of a historically significant corn pest.

Indexed as

Bacillus thuringiensis ToxinsBacterial ProteinsEndotoxinsHemolysin ProteinsInsecticide ResistanceMothsAnimalsBacillus thuringiensisCanadaLarvaPest Control, BiologicalPlants, Genetically ModifiedZea maysBacillus thuringiensis ToxinsBacterial ProteinsEndotoxinsHemolysin Proteinsinsecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus ThuringiensisBacillus thuringiensisBt cornEuropean corn borerresistanceresistance monitoring

Identifiers

PMID42024790
PMCPMC13268522

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.