Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42024170›Full record

ArticleClinical oral investigations2026

Microbiome in adult severe caries and cross-kingdom biofilms validation.

Liuliu Jiang, Yifei Tang, Lu Xu, Yuan Wei, Miaomiao Liu, Xiaoxuan Che, Ranran Xin, Yanan Zhu

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In one paragraph

Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Liuliu Jiang *Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Yifei Tang *Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Lu XuNanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Yuan WeiDepartment of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Miaomiao LiuDepartment of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Xiaoxuan CheDepartment of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Ranran XinNanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Yanan ZhuDepartment of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. zhuyanan@nju.edu.cn.

Funding

High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University 0224C010Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation ZDXX25182Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation ZKX23053
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesAdult severe caries (ASC) is a form of rampant caries that develops in adulthood, causing severe impairment of oral function and reducing quality of life. However, the pathogenic mechanism of ASC remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the core microbiota in patients with ASC and preliminarily investigate the microbial interactions and pathogenicity of key ASC-associated core microorganisms. MATERIALS AND

methodsSaliva samples were collected from 7 adult patients with severe caries and 6 caries-free volunteers for metagenomic analysis. Based on microbiome profiling results, an in vitro cross-kingdom biofilm model composed of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Veillonella parvula (V. parvula) was established to simulate a high caries-risk microenvironment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), crystal violet (CV) staining, and live/dead bacterial staining were used to evaluate biofilm formation. Acid production assays, acid stress challenge tests, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and qRT-PCR were performed to analyze the acidogenicity and synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Additionally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to assess the surface roughness of demineralized dentin slices.

resultsMetagenomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of C. albicans and V. parvula in the saliva of patients with high caries susceptibility. The in vitro cultured cross-kingdom biofilms exhibited enhanced growth and EPS synthesis compared with single-species S. mutans biofilms. Moreover, cross-kingdom biofilms significantly increased surface roughness of demineralized samples, with a stronger effect than single- and dual-species biofilms.

conclusionsColonization by C. albicans and V. parvula increases biofilm biomass, enhances microbial survival under stress, and elevates biofilm virulence, which induces demineralization of dentin slices in vitro. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that the interspecies interactions among caries-related microorganisms in ASC patients confer enhanced virulence and cariogenicity, providing novel insights for the investigation and prevention of high caries susceptibility.

Indexed as

BiofilmsDental CariesMicrobiotaAdultCandida albicansFemaleHumansMaleMicroscopy, ConfocalMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningSalivaStreptococcus mutansAdult severe cariesCandida albicansCross-kingdom biofilmsMicrobiomeStreptococcus mutansVeillonella parvula

Identifiers

PMID42024170

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.