Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42023696›Full record

ArticleCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2026

Neural Representation of Exogenous and Endogenous Temporal Expectations Based on fMRI.

Zhongtian Guan, Zhixi Zhang, Jingyi Zhao, Hongbin Han, Dehua Chui, Jinglong Wu, Qingyuan He, Yixuan Yuan, Wanyi Fu, Xu Zhang and 1 more

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Article in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Zhongtian GuanSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Zhixi ZhangAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Jingyi ZhaoSchool of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
Hongbin HanDepartment of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
Dehua ChuiNeuroscience Research Institute, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
Jinglong WuKey Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
Qingyuan HeDepartment of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0146-6219
Yixuan YuanDepartment of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Wanyi FuInstitute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
Xu ZhangSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Chunlin LiSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFF1203502National Natural Science Foundation of China 62576226Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2024-JKCS-12the Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTemporal expectations are considered as implicit timing, which is different from explicit timing. Furthermore, temporal expectations could be divided into exogenous and endogenous temporal expectations. However, it is still unclear about the neural activation under temporal expectations.

methodsIn the present study, an experimental paradigm was designed for eliciting the related brain activation under exogenous temporal expectations. Three conditions were used for the exogenous temporal expectations task. In order to compare the exogenous temporal expectations related activations to the endogenous', a proper endogenous temporal expectations task was used. Brain activations were obtained by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

resultsExogenous temporal perception-related regions, including TPJ, MTG, thalamus, IFG, caudate, cuneus, SOG, calcarine, FEF, and SPL have a good agreement with previous studies. Furthermore, it shows that the precuneus, PCC, Brodmann area 8 (BA8), ACC, and BA10 were also activated, which overlap with regions of the mesial of the so-called "default mode network". Negative correlated activations to exogenous temporal expectations task (use an endogenous temporal expectations task as an analysis baseline) were also evaluated.

conclusionWe found that the sum of exogenous and endogenous temporal expectations related cerebral regions was almost the same when compared to resting-state networks (RSNs). We propose that the cerebrum could activate in two modes for cognition: one is based on endogenous temporal expectations, and another is based on exogenous temporal expectations.

Indexed as

BrainMagnetic Resonance ImagingTime PerceptionAdultBrain MappingFemaleHumansImage Processing, Computer-AssistedMaleOutcome ExpectationsOxygenReaction TimeYoung AdultOxygenendogenous temporal expectationexogenous temporal expectationexplicit timingfMRIimplicit timing

Identifiers

PMID42023696
PMCPMC13104068

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.