ArticleBiomolecules & biomedicine2026
Quinuclidin-3-one-based quaternary ammonium compounds as potent antibacterials against
Article in Biomolecules & biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial resistance and the cytotoxicity of conventional quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) highlight the necessity for safer and more effective membrane-active antibacterials. This study aimed to synthesize a homologous series of quinuclidin-3-one-based QACs (QO-C12, QO-C14, and QO-C16) and to elucidate their structure-activity relationships through comprehensive antibacterial, antibiofilm, cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity, mechanistic, and physicochemical analyses. The compounds were evaluated against clinically relevant pathogens using broth microdilution, growth and time-kill assays, biofilm inhibition testing, membrane permeabilization analysis, cytotoxicity testing in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE1) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, zebrafish embryotoxicity assessments, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurements. Antibacterial potency was found to increase with alkyl chain length, with QO-C16 exhibiting the highest activity, including minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8 µM against Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains) and 4 µM against Listeria monocytogenes. In Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), MIC values were up to 32-fold lower than those observed in broth media, indicating a significant medium-dependent effect. QO-C14 and QO-C16 demonstrated robust antibiofilm activity, while QO-C16 produced the fastest bactericidal and membrane-disruptive effects. The critical micelle concentration decreased with increasing chain length, aligning with enhanced hydrophobicity and membrane affinity. Compared to commercial QACs, the novel compounds exhibited lower cytotoxicity in human cell lines; however, zebrafish embryotoxicity did increase with chain length. Overall, quinuclidin-3-one represents a promising scaffold for the development of QACs, with QO-C16 identified as the lead compound for further optimization toward selective antibacterial agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.