ArticleHealth science reports2026
Disparities in HPV/PAP Testing Among U.S. Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Healthcare Access, Internet Use, and Sociodemographic Factors.
Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aims: Cervical cancer remain a major public health concern, especially among underserved women. Early detection through Pap or HPV testing reduces incidence and mortality, yet screening disparities persist due to socio-demographic factors, healthcare access, and digital health literacy. Because NHIS does not distinguish between Pap and HPV tests, screening prevalence may be slightly overestimated. This study examines how healthcare access, internet use, and socio-demographic characteristics shape screening behaviors using 2021-2023 NHIS data. Methods: A weighted sample of 106,218,939 U.S. adult women from NHIS was analyzed using logistic regression models. The outcome variable was ever having undergone an HPV or Pap test. Independent variables included healthcare access, internet use, self-reported health status, age, race/ethnicity, education, and marital status. Interaction terms between race/education and race/age were examined to assess subgroup disparities. Results: Women with a usual place for care (OR = 1.67, Conclusion: Healthcare access, digital health literacy, and socio-demographic factors significantly influence cervical cancer screening uptake. Targeted interventions should prioritize early screening adherence, enhance healthcare access, and improve digital health literacy to address disparities in cervical cancer prevention, particularly among younger women and underserved racial/ethnic.
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