Steam Cooking Methods Promote the Transfer of Viable Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens from Water into Air.

Zehua Yan, Jiawen Xie, Ling Jin, Tangtian He, Xiaohua Zhang, Xiangdong Li

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Environment & health (Washington, D.C.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Zehua YanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1377-6819

Jiawen XieDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-4464

Ling JinDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-7396

Tangtian HeDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Xiaohua ZhangDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Xiangdong LiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4044-2888

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Steam cooking is an ancient and widely used method for sterilizing water and food globally. However, its effectiveness may be compromised by the ubiquitous presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in these media. Here, we combined metagenomic sequencing, quantitative PCR analysis, plate culture, and Sanger sequencing to examine the effects of steam cooking on the profiles of antibiotic resistance in cooked fish, tap water, and indoor air in real cooking environments (i.e., a canteen and a home kitchen) and a laboratory chamber. We found that while steam cooking eliminated over 92.0% of bacteria and ARGs in both tap water and fish, it significantly increased the absolute abundance of bacteria and ARGs in indoor fine particulate matter (PM

Indexed as

Antibiotic resistanceCross-medium transferFine particulate matterIndoor airSteam cookingTap water

Identifiers

PMID42022196

DOI10.1021/envhealth.5c00374

PMCPMC13097165

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.