ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2026
Role of nanomaterials for effective lignocellulosic biomass wastes conversion to hydrogen: a biorefinery perspective on commercialization and sustainability, challenges, and prospects.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The shift toward carbon-neutral energy systems has heightened the focus on sustainable hydrogen production from renewable resources, especially lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). This review comprehensively assesses the role of nanotechnology in photo-fermentative biohydrogen production, framed within an integrated biorefinery context. It highlights advancements in catalysis, underlying mechanisms, and the potential for commercialization. The inherent recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass, driven by the interplay of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, necessitates effective pretreatment and hydrolysis to optimize the release of fermentable sugars. A specific emphasis is placed on the role of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) in photofermentation, highlighting how nitrogenase-mediated hydrogen production is augmented by nanophotocatalysts that enhance electron-transfer efficiency, enzyme activity, substrate conversion, and redox balance. Recent advances in nanomaterials, such as metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), carbon-based nanostructures, and heterojunction photocatalysts, are examined in detail for their contributions to biomass depolymerization, metabolic regulation, and the optimization of light-harvesting processes. This review goes beyond mechanistic insights by incorporating assessments of Technology Readiness Level (TRL), techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life cycle assessment (LCA) to thoroughly evaluate scalability, environmental impact, and economic feasibility. A SWOT framework provides a clearer understanding of strengths, limitations, and barriers to commercialization, including catalyst deactivation, nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, constraints in reactor design, and the high costs associated with scale-up. While catalytic photo-fermentation remains in the early stages of development (TRL 1-3 for raw biomass systems), targeted advances in catalyst design, improvements in reactor efficiency, and the incorporation of circular bioeconomy principles could significantly enhance its potential for industrial application. This review outlines a detailed framework for enhancing nano-enabled photobiological hydrogen production to achieve sustainability, scalability, and economic competitiveness in biorefinery applications.
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