ArticleVeterinary medicine international2026
Molecular Evolution and Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Circulating in East Java, Indonesia, in 2022-2025.
Article in Veterinary medicine international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Molecular Evolution and Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Circulating in East Java, Indonesia, in 2022-2025.Veterinary medicine international · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Indonesia has been free from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) for decades, but in April 2022, the first major re-emerging of FMDV was detected in Gresik, East Java, and later spreading nationwide. To understand how dynamic virus spread occurs in Indonesia, we performed an epidemiological study and molecular evolution analyses. Methods: A total of 40 FMDV suspected samples collected in 2023-2025 from cattle in East Java, Indonesia. Phylogeny were inferred using the neighbor-joining method, and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) was employed to estimate the evolutionary rate and time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) compared with global reference and vaccine strains. Results: Sanger sequencing was performed for 10 out of 40 positive VP1 genes, and results were confirmed as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e. Amino acid substitutions were identified within the G-H loop region of the VP1 protein and play an important antigenic site involved in receptor binding and immune recognition. The Bayesian evolutionary analyses suggested that estimated evolutionary rate was 1.1 × 10 Conclusion: Amino acid mutations in G-H loop region may affect viral infectivity, host tropism, and vaccine match. These findings emphasize the need for continuous molecular surveillance of FMDV in Indonesia to detect emerging variants, understand transmission dynamics, and maintain effective antigenic matching between vaccines and circulating field strains.
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