Harnessing the full potential of RRAMs through scalable and distributed in-memory computing with integrated error correction.

Exponential growth in global computing demand is further exacerbated by the high energy requirements of conventional architectures, which are dominated by costly data movement requirements. In-memory computing with Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) addresses this challenge by co-integrating memory and processing, but faces tremendous hurdles related to device-level non-idealities and offers poor scalability in large computing tasks. Here, we introduce MELISO+ (In-Memory Linear Solver), a full-stack, distributed framework for energy-efficient in-memory computing. MELISO+ proposes a novel two-tier error correction mechanism to mitigate device non-idealities, and develops a distributed RRAM computing framework to enable matrix computations exceeding dimensions of 65,000 × 65,000. This approach reduces first- and second-order arithmetic errors due to device non-idealities by over 90%, enhances energy efficiency by three to five orders of magnitude, and decreases latency 100-fold. Hence, MELISO+ allows lower-precision RRAM devices to outperform high-precision device alternatives in accuracy, energy and latency metrics. By unifying algorithm-hardware co-design with scalable architecture, MELISO+ considerably advances sustainable, high-dimensional computing suitable for applications like large language models and generative artificial intelligence.