Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42020474›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Nitric oxide‑releasing porous titanium foams fabricated by scalable sintering-dissolution process for antibiofilm activity and cytocompatibility.

Man Li, Pengcheng Zhu, Vahid Heravi Shargh, Jenny Aveyard, Manohar Koduri, Mark Hunter, Julia G Behnsen, Yuyuan Zhao, Judith M Curran, Raechelle A D'Sa

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Man LiDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Pengcheng ZhuDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Vahid Heravi SharghDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Jenny AveyardDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Manohar KoduriDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Mark HunterDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Julia G BehnsenDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Yuyuan ZhaoSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China.
Judith M CurranDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
Raechelle A D'SaDepartment of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK. r.dsa@liverpool.ac.uk.

Funding

EPSRC EP/P023223/1, EP/R511729/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Orthopaedic implants require surfaces that resist bacterial colonisation while supporting host cell compatibility. In this study, we fabricated highly interconnected porous titanium (Ti) foams using a cost‑effective sintering-dissolution process (SDP) and functionalised them with 11‑aminoundecyltriethoxysilane (AUTES) and covalently tethered N-diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donors. Structural characterisation by Scanning electron microscopy, X‑ray micro‑CT, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses confirmed a hierarchical porous architecture with ~ 73% total porosity and extensive internal surface area, enabling efficient chemical functionalisation. Chemiluminescence analysis demonstrated formulation‑dependent NO payloads and sustained release for over 15 h in bacterial culture medium. The NO‑releasing foams significantly reduced biofilm-associated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with untreated controls, with the 20% AUTES/NO formulation showing the most persistent antibiofilm activity at 24 h (p < 0.05). Limited effects were observed against planktonic bacteria. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adhered to and remained viable on both unmodified and functionalised foams over 7 days, indicating cytocompatibility of the surface modification following NO release. These findings demonstrate that SDP-derived porous Ti foams can be functionalised for localised NO delivery and effective antibiofilm activity while maintaining initial hMSC compatibility, offering a scalable platform for multifunctional Ti-based implant surfaces.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBiofilmsNitric OxideTitaniumAzo CompoundsEscherichia coliHumansMesenchymal Stem CellsNitric Oxide DonorsPorositySilanesStaphylococcus aureusAnti-Bacterial AgentsAzo CompoundsdiazeniumdiolateNitric OxideNitric Oxide DonorsSilanesTitaniumAntibiofilm activityAntimicrobialNitric oxide (NO)Orthopaedic implantsPorous titanium (Ti) foamsSintering-dissolution process (SDP)

Identifiers

PMID42020474
PMCPMC13269483

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.