ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2026
Home environment conditions during childhood and psychosocial outcomes across three generations in Sweden: population based adoption-discordant sibling comparison study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesTo examine if early adoption into a family with favourable home environment conditions reduces long term psychosocial risks and provides intergenerational benefits among individuals born to parents with psychiatric or behavioural problems.
designPopulation based adoption-discordant sibling comparison study.
settingSwedish registers of births between 1950 and 1980, with follow-up to 31 December 2020.
participantsTwo samples of sibling pairs from at risk families: 4254 full siblings and 7796 maternal half siblings, who were or were not adopted before age 10 years. Offspring of these siblings (born 1965-2020) were also followed to assess intergenerational spillover effects.
main outcome measuresThe variable of interest was adoption into non-biological families. Outcomes included psychiatric diagnoses, long term unemployment, receipt of social welfare, highest attained education (and upper secondary education ineligibility for generation 3), criminal convictions, and, among men, non-cognitive skills and general intelligence assessed at military conscription.
resultsAdopted individuals (n=1535) showed a lower risk of psychiatric disorders (29.8%
conclusionsEarly adoption into a family with favourable home environment conditions was associated with moderate, enduring benefits across psychiatric, social, and cognitive outcomes, extending into the next generation. These results highlight the potential for environmental improvements during childhood to mitigate intergenerational disadvantage.
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