Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42019635›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2026

Stability and age-specific patterns of rhinovirus circulation in children observed over 3 decades.

YingYu Gao, Yury A Bochkov, Kristine E Lee, Ronald Gangnon, Leonard B Bacharier, William W Busse, Carlos A Camargo, Robyn Cohen, Gregory P Demuri, Anne M Fitzpatrick and 30 more

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In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

40 authors.

YingYu GaoUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Yury A BochkovUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Kristine E LeeUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Ronald GangnonUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Leonard B BacharierWashington University in St Louis, St Louis, Mo.
William W BusseUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Carlos A CamargoMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Robyn CohenBoston University, Boston, Mass.
Gregory P DemuriUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Anne M FitzpatrickDepartment of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga.
Peter J GergenNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md.
Kristine GrindleUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Rebecca GruchallaUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex.
Tina HartertVanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
Gurjit K Khurana HersheyCincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Patrick HoltTelethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Kiara HomilUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Daniel J JacksonUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Tuomas JarttiUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Meyer KattanColumbia University, New York, NY.
Carolyn KercsmarCincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Haejin KimHenry Ford Health, Detroit, Mich.
Ingrid A LaingUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Robert F LemanskeUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Peter N Le SouëfUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Andrew H LiuChildren's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo.
David T MaugerPenn State University, Hershey, Pa.
Tressa PappasUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Shilpa J PatelGeorge Washington University, Washington, DC.
Wanda PhipatanakulHarvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Jacqueline PongracicNorthwestern University, Chicago, Ill.
Christine SeroogyUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Peter D SlyChild Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia.
Christopher TislerUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Ellen R WaldUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Robert WoodJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
Edward ZorattiHenry Ford Health, Detroit, Mich.
James E GernUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
Jo L WilsonUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis. Electronic address: wilson54@wisc.edu.
ECHO Consortium

Funding

Project-005U2COD023375 · OD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Linda S Adair, Phillip Brian Smith · 2016 to 2026
$215.9M
ECHODAC (Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Data Analysis Center)U24OD023382 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Diane J Catellier, LISA P JACOBSON · 2016 to 2026
$148.4M
Inner City Asthma consortium 3 (ICAC3)UM1AI114271 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI GERN, JAMES E., JACKSON, DANIEL J · 2014 to 2021
$79.4M
University of Wisconsin Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchUL1TR002373 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI ELIZABETH S BURNSIDE, Allan R. Brasier · 2017 to 2026
$75.9M
Data Coordinating Center for the NHLBI Asthma Network (AsthmaNet)U10HL098115 · NHLBI · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV HERSHEY MED CTR · PI MAUGER, DAVID T. · 2009 to 2015
$57.6M
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY CTSA FOR PEDIATRIC RESEARCHUL1RR024975 · NCRR · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI BERNARD, GORDON RAPHAEL · 2007 to 2011
$45.7M
The ECHO Measurement Core: A Framework and Resource for Assessing Environmental Exposure and Child HealthU24OD023319 · OD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Courtney K Blackwell, RICHARD GERSHON · 2016 to 2026
$43.7M
Prenatal and Early Childhood Pathways To Health:  An Integrated Model of Chemical and Social Exposures, Biological Mechanisms, and Sex-Specific Effects on Neurodevelopment and Respiratory OutcomesUH3OD023271 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI BUSH, NICOLE RENEE, KARR, CATHERINE J · 2018 to 2022
$37.3M
Viral and Host Determinants of Infant and Childhood Allergy and AsthmaU19AI095227 · NIAID · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Tina V Hartert · 2011 to 2026
$34.9M
ECHO Laboratory Core at Vanderbilt for Integrated Sample Biobanking and ProcessingU24OD035523 · OD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Suman Ranjan Das, NATASHA Bassam HALASA · 2023 to 2026
$32.8M
Virus-Bacterial Interactions and Exacerba of AsthmaP01HL070831 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI LEMANSKE, ROBERT F · 2002 to 2017
$31.3M
Lifecourse Approach to Developmental Repercussions of Environmental Agents on Metabolic and Respiratory Health (LA DREAMERs)UH3OD023287 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BASTAIN, THERESA M, BRETON, CARRIE VAN DOREN · 2018 to 2022
$28.4M
NCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR002374NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002373NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR024975NHLBI NIH HHS P01 HL070831NHLBI NIH HHS U10 HL098115NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI097172NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI114552NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI127507NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI148707NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI095227NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI104317NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI114271NIEHS NIH HHS U24 ES026539NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026533NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026542NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026555NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026561NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030851NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030857NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030859NIH HHS U24 OD023319NIH HHS U24 OD023382NIH HHS U24 OD035523NIH HHS U2C OD023375NIH HHS UG3 OD035508NIH HHS UG3 OD035509NIH HHS UG3 OD035513NIH HHS UG3 OD035516NIH HHS UG3 OD035517NIH HHS UG3 OD035518NIH HHS UG3 OD035519NIH HHS UG3 OD035521NIH HHS UG3 OD035526NIH HHS UG3 OD035527NIH HHS UG3 OD035528NIH HHS UG3 OD035529NIH HHS UG3 OD035532NIH HHS UG3 OD035533NIH HHS UG3 OD035536NIH HHS UG3 OD035537NIH HHS UG3 OD035540NIH HHS UG3 OD035542NIH HHS UG3 OD035543NIH HHS UG3 OD035544NIH HHS UG3 OD035546NIH HHS UG3 OD035550NIH HHS UH3 OD023268NIH HHS UH3 OD023271NIH HHS UH3 OD023286NIH HHS UH3 OD023287NIH HHS UH3 OD023318NIH HHS UH3 OD023320NIH HHS UH3 OD023328NIH HHS UH3 OD023332NIH HHS UH3 OD023347
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRhinoviruses (RV) are the most common respiratory viruses globally and a major cause of airway symptoms in children and individuals with asthma. Although more than 170 RV types exist across 3 species (RV-A, RV-B, RV-C), type-specific circulation patterns and age-related prevalence remain poorly defined.

objectiveWe characterized long-term circulation patterns, age-specific prevalence, and host genetic associations of RV types using a large pediatric dataset.

methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 12,697 RV infections identified by PCR and partial sequencing from 11,960 nasal samples collected between 1997 and 2025 across 20 pediatric populations in Finland, Australia, and the United States, including 10 National Institutes of Health ECHO cohort sites. RV types were classified by species, and host CDHR3 rs6967330 genotype, which impacts RV-C receptor binding, was available for a subset. Temporal stability, phylogenetic clustering, and detection frequency by age were assessed by stream graph visualization, slope modeling, and Spearman correlation.

resultsRV type circulation was remarkably stable over 3 decades; 97% of types had slope estimates whose 95% confidence intervals included zero, indicating no significant temporal change. Commonly detected types did not consistently cluster phylogenetically, suggesting that capsid sequence similarity does not fully explain fitness. Certain types (eg, A36, A101, C15) were prevalent across all pediatric age groups, whereas others (eg, C2, C40, A78, A12) were more frequent in younger children. The CDHR3 rs6967330-A risk allele was associated with increased overall RV-C infection but it did not alter the distribution of common versus rare RV-C types.

conclusionRV type prevalence and age-specific patterns have remained stable for decades, supporting targeted interventions focused on consistently circulating types and those most common in young children.

Indexed as

age-specific prevalenceantiviral targetsCDHR3 genotypeNIH ECHO cohortpediatric respiratory infectionsrespiratory virus stabilityRhinovirus epidemiologyvaccine developmentviral phylogeneticsvirus circulation patterns

Identifiers

PMID42019635
PMCPMC13498778

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.