ArticlePLOS digital health2026
Uptrend in esotropia incidence in the era of excessive smartphone use: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Japan, 2014-2019.
Article in PLOS digital health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nationwide Multicenter Survey of Severe Complications of Strabismus Surgery in Japan: Japanese Strabismus Surgery Study.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Correction: Uptrend in esotropia incidence in the era of excessive smartphone use: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Japan, 2014-2019.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) has recently garnered attention, as numerous case-series studies have reported its occurrence following excessive smartphone use. However, no large-scale epidemiological evidence of an increase in esotropia has been provided. This study aimed to investigate the change in the annual incidence of esotropia in Japan between 2014 and 2019-a period marked by a rapid increase in smartphone users. This nationwide population-based cohort study used the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, which covers almost the entire Japanese population. We counted the number of newly diagnosed esotropia cases and esotropia-related strabismus surgeries for each year from 2014 to 2019. Annual incidence rates were calculated by dividing these numbers by the corresponding year's population. We also investigated the correlation between the annual incidence rate and smartphone household penetration, based on data from the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The annual incidence of esotropia gradually increased from 32.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.95-32.57) to 36.61 (95% CI, 36.28-36.95) per 100,000 person-years between 2014 and 2019. The mean annual increase rate was 2.49 ± 1.62%. The number of esotropia-related strabismus surgeries also increased from 3,061 to 3,743 during the same period. The annual incidence of esotropia correlated significantly with smartphone household penetration (P = 0.005, r = 0.943). In conclusion, this ecological study provides the first population-based evidence of a significant uptrend in the annual incidence of esotropia and related strabismus surgeries in Japan between 2014 and 2019. The rapid increase in digital device use warrants caution and may be associated with this increase, suggesting a need for clinical guidelines on screen time.
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