ReviewCancer medicine2026
Harnessing Tumor Organoids to Revolutionize Immunotherapy Research.
Review in Cancer medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a revolutionary approach to cancer treatment, yet the lack of robust preclinical testing platforms impedes progress in this field. Tumor organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from patient-specific samples, differ from conventional models by faithfully recapitulating the histological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of native tumors. Moreover, complex organoid models can partially recapitulate aspects of the tumor microenvironment through the integration of immune cells, vascular-associated components, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. This review systematically examines current methodologies for constructing TME-simulating organoids, along with their applications and future challenges in immunotherapy research, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, cell immunotherapy, bispecific antibodies, oncolytic viruses, and cancer vaccines. By elucidating the advantages and limitations of organoid technology in immunotherapy studies, this review explores its potential to establish a novel platform for predictive evaluation of immunotherapy efficacy. Ultimately, it aims to provide innovative perspectives for future research directions in this field and contribute to enhancing therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.