ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia2026
Metastatic presentation of breast cancer in India: evidence from national cancer registry (2009-2020).
Article in The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India, and a substantial proportion present with metastatic disease, which worsens prognosis. Evidence on socio-demographic, clinical, and health system determinants of metastasis remains limited. We aimed to identify factors associated with metastatic breast cancer using hospital-based cancer registry data. Methods: This multicentre observational study included 76,356 women older than or equal to 15 years diagnosed with primary breast cancer between 2009 and 2020. The primary outcome was metastasis at diagnosis. Multivariable Poisson regression estimated incidence risk ratios (IRRs) for metastasis risk with 95% confidence intervals, and random forest models assessed variable importance. Findings: Among 76,356 women, metastasis occurred in 12.96%, with bone as the most frequent metastatic site (2487 [25.1%]). Metastasis risk was higher for diagnoses occurred during 2015-2020 compared with 2009-2014 (IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.28). Lower incidence of metastasis was observed in private (IRR 0.50, CI 0.38-0.65) and NGO hospitals (IRR 0.32, CI 0.20-0.51) compared with government hospitals. Larger tumour size (5 to <10 cm: IRR 2.92, CI 1.76-4.83; 10-20 cm: IRR 3.72, CI 2.21-6.27) and grade 2 tumours (IRR 1.62, CI 1.01-2.59) were associated with increased risk. Random forest analysis identified supraclavicular node involvement, tumour size, skin involvement, lympho-vascular invasion, and receptor status as key predictors. Interpretation: Metastatic breast cancer in India is strongly associated with indicators of tumour burden and disease progression. Strengthening early detection, improving diagnostic completeness, and ensuring equitable access to specialised cancer care may help reduce metastatic disease burden. Funding: Intramural grant of the ICMR-NCDIR, India.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.