ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Combined occupational exposure to carcinogenic metals/metalloids and risk of lung cancer.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Combined Occupational Exposure to Lead and Other Metals and Risk of Lung Cancer.La Medicina del lavoro · 2026Article
- [Research Advances in the Pulmonary Carcinogenic Effects of Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter Mediated by GPER].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium (VI) and nickel increases the risk of lung cancer; whereas humans are exposed to mixtures, epidemiology studies refer to individual metals/metalloids. Methods: We analysed the data of a case-control study of lung cancer conducted in seven European countries and comprising 2861 cases and 2936 controls, with detailed assessment of occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium (VI) and nickel, to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of lung cancer for combined exposure to these metals/metalloids, after adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Odds ratios for combined exposure to arsenic and cadmium and to arsenic and chromium (VI) were higher than those for individual metals (in order of 1.2-1.4 for single metals and above 2.0 for combined exposure), although formal tests of interaction on additive and multiplicative scales were imprecise and compatible with no interaction. Estimates for combined exposure to chromium (VI) and nickel were lower than expected under additive or multiplicative models, but confidence intervals for the interaction metrics included the null. Results for co-exposure to three or four metals/metalloids were based on small numbers of exposed subjects. Discussion: Findings provide limited evidence of statistical interactions between occupational exposure to these metals in relation to lung cancer risk.
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