ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Emerging strategies and innovations in circular RNA synthesis.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Research Progress, Application, and Industrialization Prospects of Circular RNA Vaccines in Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Review
- mRNA Therapeutics Beyond Infectious Diseases: Expanding Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- The State-of-the Art of Personalized Vaccines for Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Comparative analysis of expression, immunogenicity, and safety profiles between linear and circular RNA vaccine platforms.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- In vivo CAR-M therapy: advancing precision delivery and programmable immune remodeling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Target, silence, replace: a review on RNA-based drugs in modern medicine.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) are emerging vaccine modalities that extend conventional, non-replicating mRNA platforms. Self-amplifying RNA encodes a replicase that amplifies intracellular RNA templates, enabling high antigen expression at substantially lower doses than non-replicating mRNA. Circular RNA has a covalently closed topology that confers resistance to exonucleases and supports sustained translation through cap-independent initiation. The evidence base remains asymmetric: saRNA has progressed through multiple human studies, including phase 3 evaluations of COVID-19 vaccines, and has received regulatory authorization in several jurisdictions, whereas circRNA vaccines remain largely preclinical, with limited publicly available human data. This review integrates clinical, animal, and mechanistic evidence, proposes a '3D' framework (durability, dose-sparing, and deployability) and identifies key barriers to robust cross-platform comparison, encompassing delivery systems, innate immune sensing, and chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.