ArticleBMC cancer2026
Tumour necrosis as a prognostic indicator in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Article in BMC cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Review Article: Biomarkers in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Towards Precision Medicine.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundTumour necrosis is linked to worse outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the relationship between the extent of necrosis in HCC and survival outcomes remains unclear, partly due to the lack of a standardised assessment method. This study evaluated the prognostic significance of both the presence and extent of tumour necrosis.
methodsThis retrospective study included 96 HCC patients from two Finnish centres, treated with surgical resection from 1986 to 2022. The presence of necrosis (yes/no) was evaluated. The extent of necrosis was also assessed using three methods: (1) The average percentage method (proportion of necrosis relative to total tumour area), (2) the hotspot method (proportion of necrosis within a 2 mm hotspot), and (3) the linear method (diameter of the largest necrotic focus).
resultsTumour necrosis was associated with worse 5-year overall (HR 2.80, 95% CI 1.26-6.22, P = 0.011) and disease-specific survival (HR 3.89, 95% CI 1.45-10.47, P = 0.007). Tumours with low (but nonzero) necrosis level, as measured by the average percentage, hotspot, and linear methods, were linked to poorer survival outcomes compared to tumours without necrosis.
conclusionTumour necrosis is associated with poorer overall and disease-specific survival in resected HCC. The extent of necrosis did not correlate linearly with survival, highlighting the need for further research to refine its prognostic value.
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