Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42014979›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2026

Multi-omics characterization of developing forebrain organoids unravels the dynamic molecular events of Rett syndrome pathogenesis.

Jarno Koetsier, Nasim Bahram Sangani, Ana Rita Gomes, Maria Margarida Diogo, Tiago G Fernandes, Freek G Bouwman, Edwin C M Mariman, Mehrnaz Ghazvini, Leon J Schurgers, Joost Gribnau and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jarno Koetsier *Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Nasim Bahram Sangani *Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands. nasim.sangani@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
Ana Rita GomesDepartment of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Maria Margarida DiogoDepartment of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Tiago G FernandesDepartment of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Freek G BouwmanDepartment of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Edwin C M MarimanDepartment of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Mehrnaz GhazviniErasmus MC iPS Facility, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Leon J SchurgersDepartment of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Joost GribnauErasmus MC iPS Facility, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Leopold M G CurfsGKC, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Chris P ReutelingspergerDepartment of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Lars M T EijssenDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRett Syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder primarily caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. Despite its monogenic nature, the molecular events contributing to RTT pathogenesis are not fully elucidated.

methodsWe applied a multi-omics approach to comprehensively analyse the spatiotemporal gene and protein expression patterns in MeCP2-mutant (RTT) and isogenic control (IC) forebrain organoids. Dorsal and ventral forebrain organoids were cultured for 75 days using patient-derived RTT and IC hiPSC lines. Transcriptomics and proteomics profiles were characterized at days 0, 13, 40, and 75, corresponding to distinct neurodevelopmental phases.

resultsThe spatiotemporal transcriptomic analysis revealed alterations in GABAergic signaling at the latest neurodevelopmental stages, while changes in neuronal development, DNA-associated processes, and post-transcriptional regulation were found to occur across different stages. These changes were also observed at the protein level and in independent validation datasets. Notably, differentially expressed lncRNA genes such as MIR137HG and PWRN1 may act as regulators of these affected processes. Moreover, our results provide systematic evidence for the involvement of imprinted genes in RTT pathology.

conclusionsTogether, our study lays the foundation for future studies to functionally validate the significance of the identified processes and molecular targets in RTT pathogenesis, and to assess their value as therapeutic targets.

Indexed as

OrganoidsProsencephalonRett SyndromeHumansMethyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2MultiomicsNeurodevelopmentProteomicsTranscriptomeMECP2 protein, humanMethyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2Brain organoidslncRNAsMeCP2ProteomicsRett syndromeSpatiotemporal analysisTranscriptomics

Identifiers

PMID42014979
PMCPMC13227629

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.