ArticleScientific reports2026
Influence of nano-encapsulated peppermint essential oil and biocontrol fungus on root-knot nematode suppression and plant resilience in Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.).
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The nematode Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most destructive root-knot nematodes, as it reduces yield potential and has a major impact on global agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of peppermint essential oil nanoparticles (100, 200, and 400 mg/L) in combination with the pathogenic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (1 and 2%) and the herbicide metam sodium in controlling the nematode Meloidogyne incognita in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). The application of both P. chlamydosporia at 2% concentration and peppermint NPs 200 ppm combined was the most effective treatment combination used in this study, producing the greatest level of effectiveness, which was 70.66% mortality of J2s. Furthermore, both P. chlamydosporia and peppermint NP treatments had a high degree of impact on reducing egg production and galls produced by the root-knot nematode, and over 80% suppression of the final nematode population in soil. NP treatments also promoted improved growth characteristics of plants and increased physiological parameters. Root length was increased by 44.66% by combining NP 100 ppm with P. chlamydosporia (2%). NP 400 ppm combined with fungal treatment had a greater effect on total antioxidant capacity. The application of these two therapies collectively resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of both the stress-associated metabolites, proline and malondialdehyde; electrolyte leakage; and increased relative hydration of tissues. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the best NP 200 ppm + P. chlamydosporia 2% treatment contained α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, menthofuran, polgon and D-trans-β-caryophyllene. These findings suggest that integrating nano-based essential oil formulations with fungal biocontrol agents provides a sustainable and effective strategy for nematode control and enhanced plant resilience under biotic stress.
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