ArticleScientific reports2026
Potential insufficiency of vitamin D in healthy individuals: divergent performances of C3-epi-D3 levels and percentages.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status Across Vertebrate Species: A Comparative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Accumulating evidence offers valuable insights into the overestimation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels due to the presence of C3-epimeric 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (C3-epi-D3) and the relatively reduced bioavailability of 25(OH)D2. This study focuses on healthy populations to assess the relevance of C3-epi-D3 generation and vitamin D potential insufficiency (VDPI). Among 5494 healthy participants with total 25(OH)D sufficiency involved in this study, VDPI was assessed after excluding non-bioavailable C3-epi-D3 levels and converting 25(OH)D2 to equivalent 25(OH)D3 levels based on differential bioavailability. The gender, age, and seasonal characteristics of C3-epi-D3 levels and percentages were investigated, as well as their relationships with 25(OH)D3 levels and vitamin D potential insufficiency. Both C3-epi-D3 levels and percentages presented similar gender, age, and seasonal variations, characterized by higher values in males and peak values during summer (all P < 0.001), while negligible variation from adolescent to longevous periods (all P > 0.05). After adjusting for the aforementioned variations, both forward and reverse restricted cubic spline (RCS) revealed a linear positive correlation between C3-epi-D3 and 25(OH)D3 levels. Conversely, %C3-epi-D3 decreased in an L-shaped trend as 25(OH)D3 levels increased, while 25(OH)D3 levels demonstrated a U-shaped correlation with increasing %C3-epi-D3. Notably, RCS revealed divergent performances of C3-epi-D3 levels and percentages, levels exceeding 1.10 ng/mL protected against VDPI, while percentages surpassing 4.47% increased VDPI risk. The consistent findings were further substantiated by the forest plot across gender, age, and seasonal subgroups. Healthy individuals remain vigilant about vitamin D insufficiency, given the presence of C3-epi-D3 and lower bioavailability of 25(OH)D2. C3-epi-D3 percentage, not its level, accurately reflects this condition, consistent with its negligible bioavailability.
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