Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42012830›Full record

ArticleJAMA network open2026

Bullying, State Policy, and Mental Health Symptoms in Gender-Diverse Youths.

Dylan E Hughes, Sarah L Zapetis, Arianna Mordy, Daisy Lopez, Vanessa Calderon, Laura Adery, Rachel Martino, Sarah E Chang, Lucina Q Uddin, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez and 5 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in JAMA network open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Dylan E HughesDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Sarah L ZapetisDepartment of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Arianna MordyDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Daisy LopezDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles.
Vanessa CalderonDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles.
Laura AderyDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles.
Rachel MartinoDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Sarah E ChangDepartment of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.
Lucina Q UddinDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles.
Carlos Cardenas-IniguezDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Richard T LebeauDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Natalia RamosDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles.
Lauren C NgDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Katherine H KarlsgodtDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Carrie E BeardenDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Funding

Training Grant in Neurobehavioral GeneticsT32NS048004 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI BEARDEN, CARRIE E, OPHOFF, ROEL A · 2004 to 2025
$5.8M
NINDS NIH HHS T32 NS048004
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance: As the percentage of young people in the US identifying as transgender and gender-diverse increases, more youths face identity-linked social and structural stigma and discrimination. Little is known about the impact of stigma on psychotic-like experiences in gender-diverse youths. Objective: To assess the association of being bullied and state policies with psychotic-like experiences among gender-diverse youths. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this prospective cohort study, cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted between 2023 and 2025 using data collected between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022, across 17 states. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is a US population-based, longitudinal study that follows and deeply phenotypes youths from the age of 9 to 18 years. Cross-sectional analyses included data from 8463 participants collected between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022. Longitudinal analyses included 4200 participants with data collected across 5 waves between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2025. Exposures: Self-reported frequency of being bullied and data on annual state policies related to gender identity. Main Outcomes and Measures: Self-reported PLEs and associated distress, measured by the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version. Results: The study sample included 8463 youths (mean [SD] age, 12.9 [0.6] years; 4490 [53.1%] assigned male at birth). Based on a dimensional measure of gender, 531 youths (6.3%) were identified as most gender diverse (ie, least congruent with birth-assigned sex) and 6867 (81.1%) as least gender diverse (ie, most congruent with birth-assigned sex). Rates of being bullied and PLEs were significantly elevated in the most vs least gender-diverse group, with bullying partially mediating the difference in PLEs (indirect association = 0.15, P < .001; direct association = 0.63, P < .001). Moreover, the persistence of unsupportive legislation across 4 years was associated with significantly greater increases in PLEs over time in gender-diverse youth (interaction β = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.21-0.42; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, being bullied and unsupportive legislation were associated with greater and increasing rates of PLEs in gender-diverse youths. This study's findings suggest that mental health in gender-diverse youths could benefit from supportive environments and policies that reduce bullying and avoid perpetuating stigma.

Indexed as

BullyingAdolescentChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGender-Nonconforming PersonsHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleProspective StudiesUnited States

Identifiers

PMID42012830
PMCPMC13100838

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.