ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2026
Independent and Interactive Associations of Encopresis and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children on Emotional-Behavioral Symptoms, Executive Functioning, and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake-Related Symptoms.
Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In this multicenter, cross-sectional case–control study, we examined the independent and interactive associations of encopresis and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with emotional-behavioral symptoms, executive functioning, and avoidant/restrictive food intake-related symptoms in children. The sample included 148 children aged 5–10 years assigned to four groups: healthy controls (n = 31), ADHD-only (n = 60), encopresis-only (n = 31), and encopresis plus ADHD (n = 26). Diagnoses were established using clinician-administered semi-structured interviews, and parent-report measures assessed emotional-behavioral symptoms, executive functioning, and eating-related symptoms. Across analyses, impairment followed a graded pattern, with the encopresis plus ADHD group showing the highest level of impairment (H = 89.84, p < 0.001). Emotional symptoms and internalizing problems were most pronounced in the encopresis-only and comorbid groups (p < 0.001). Fear-based eating behaviors were significantly elevated in the comorbid group (H = 25.00, p < 0.001). Executive functioning impairments also followed a graded pattern, with the greatest dysfunction in the comorbid group (p < 0.001). After additional adjustment for Clinical Global Impression-Severity, encopresis × ADHD interaction effects remained significant for emotional symptoms (β = 3.227, p = 0.011) and fear-based eating (β = 3.196, p = 0.033). Children with co-occurring encopresis and ADHD showed the most severe cross-sectional clinical profile, highlighting the importance of assessing emotional symptoms, executive functioning, and fear-based eating in this subgroup.
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