ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Associations between chrono-nutrition and glucose metabolism across levels of glucose impairment: The Maastricht Study.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeChrono-nutrition, defined as the timing, frequency, and regularity of food intake, may influence glucose metabolism and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through its interaction with circadian rhythms. We examined cross-sectional associations of meal frequency, irregularity, and length of the eating window with glucose metabolism in individuals with normal glucose metabolism, prediabetes, and T2DM.
methodsData were derived from 3,467 participants of a population-based cohort enriched with T2DM. Glucose metabolism status (normal, prediabetes, T2DM) was determined by oral glucose tolerance test and use of glucose-lowering medication. Fasting plasma glucose, 2 h post-load glucose, and HbA1c were measured in venous plasma. Chrono-nutrition was assessed by questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression estimated odds ratios for prediabetes and T2DM versus normal glucose metabolism. Linear regression models assessed associations with glycemic markers, stratified by glucose metabolism status. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, including diet quality and caloric intake.
resultsA longer eating window was associated with higher odds of prediabetes (OR per hour: 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13). In normal glucose metabolism (N = 2264), breakfast skipping showed higher fasting glucose (β: 0.09 mmol/L, 0.04–0.14), while in participants with prediabetes (N = 604) breakfast skipping was associated with lower 2 h post-load glucose (β: −0.50 mmol/L, −0.96, −0.05). In prediabetes, higher meal irregularity was associated with higher fasting glucose (β: 0.07, 0.03–0.12) and HbA1c (Q4 vs. Q1: β: 1.46 mmol/mol, 0.15–2.77). In T2DM (N = 599), higher meal irregularity was associated with elevated HbA1c levels (Q4 vs. Q1: β: 3.28, 0.19–6.37).
conclusionThese findings highlight the potential role of chrono-nutrition in glucose regulation, warranting further research for confirmation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.