ArticleBMC genomics2026
Genomic analysis reveals recent population decline and exceptionally low genome-wide heterozygosity of the critically endangered Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi (Aves: Accipitridae).
Article in BMC genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) is one of the rarest raptors in the world and is the national bird of the Philippines. It is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and has been the subject of a captive breeding program, which started more than 30 years ago to ensure the survival and conservation of the species. To estimate the genetic diversity and infer the demographic history of the Philippine eagle, we sequenced and analyzed genomes of 35 individuals under the care of the Philippine Eagle Foundation.
resultsPhylogenetic analysis placed P. jefferyi within the subfamily Circaetinae of Accipitridae. Demographic history reconstruction revealed two historical bottlenecks and an ongoing population decline, which was found to predate documented deforestation in the Philippines. This suggests that unobserved natural or anthropogenic factors might have led to declines in the Philippine eagle population long before current habitat degradation. Genome-wide heterozygosity was the lowest measured among raptors. This highlights the precarious genetic state of the Philippine eagle, as low heterozygosity raises risks of inbreeding depression and increased vulnerability to diseases and habitat loss.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates that genetic diversity of the Philippine eagle is critically low, indicating that breeding and translocation programs must explicitly account for genetic effects to maintain demographic stability and support long-term genetic resilience of this critically endangered species.
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