ArticleArchives of toxicology2026
AHAK: a new effective medical countermeasure against percutaneous intoxication by Novichok chemical warfare agents.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Novichoks are the latest known and most toxic class of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents (OP CWAs) to have been developed. Among the documented Novichoks, A-232 is the most toxic and most potent inhibitor of AChE, as well as the most resistant to reactivation by oximes, and thus likely the most challenging to treat. Here we characterize the intoxication following dermal exposure to the Novichok A-232 in swine, and describe a novel countermeasure against it. Our results demonstrate that percutaneous poisoning by a lethal dose of A-232 (2 mg/kg) is characterized by slow appearance and exacerbation of intoxication signs. We further show that conventional antidotal treatment against such poisoning, administered upon appearance of intoxication signs, provides only temporary relief after which intoxication signs reoccur, and that further repeated such treatment is not sufficient to enable survival. The above likely stem from formation of a dermal depot of A-232 from which the agent slowly penetrates into the bloodstream, coupled with its resistance to reactivation by oximes. Accordingly, we developed the AHAK lotion (potassium acetohydroxamate in DMSO/H
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