ArticleAnalytical chemistry2026
3D Glioblastoma Molecular Responses to Carbon Dot-Delivered Riluzole Probed by Synchrotron FTIR.
Article in Analytical chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Engineered carbon-based nanocarriers provide a versatile platform for probing drug delivery-induced molecular responses in complex cellular models. Here, we report 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS)-derived carbon dots (CDs) as vehicles for riluzole delivery in three-dimensional (3D) glioblastoma (GBM) spheroids, with 3D astrocyte spheroids employed as nontumoral control samples. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectro-microscopy was used to map subcellular biochemical responses, enabling label-free, high-resolution chemical imaging within intact 3D architectures. Multivariate analysis of SR-FTIR data revealed GBM-specific biomolecular alterations following treatment, including DNA conformational changes, lipid peroxidation, and protein secondary structure remodeling, whereas astrocyte spheroids exhibited minimal spectral perturbations, indicating a selective molecular response. Supervised classification using orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with constrained repeated random sampling cross-validation reliably differentiated treated and control spheroids, achieving high pixel-level classification accuracy and spatial consistency. These results demonstrate the capability of SR-FTIR microspectroscopy and imaging combined with multivariate analysis to resolve treatment-induced molecular responses in 3D tumor models while discriminating nontumoral controls. This integrated nanomaterial-spectroscopy approach provides a robust, data-driven framework for analytically evaluating nanocarrier-drug-cell interactions in complex biological systems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.