ArticleLupus2026
Primary headaches in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: A preliminary case control study using ICHD-3 criteria.
Article in Lupus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
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Abstract
IntroductionHeadache is one of the most frequent neurological symptoms in SLE; however, its definition and relationship with the disease remain unclear. Distinguishing whether a headache is attributable to lupus or represents a primary headache disorder can be challenging. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the prevalence, frequency, and associated clinical factors of primary headaches in juvenile-onset SLE (jSLE) compared to healthy peers.MethodsThis cross-sectional case-control study included 32 children with jSLE and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, who were evaluated between July and September 2025. Headache characteristics were assessed using a standardized questionnaire and classified according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3). All participants underwent neurological and fundoscopic examinations. Clinical, laboratory, and treatment-related parameters including disease activity (SLEDAI-2K), cumulative dose of systemic corticosteroids, and autoantibody profiles were compared between jSLE patients with and without primary headache.ResultsPrimary headache was observed in 31.3% of jSLE patients (10/32) and 10.5% of controls (4/38) (
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