ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2026
Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Human norovirus (hNoV) presents significant public health challenges due to its low infectious dose and environmental persistence. This study compared the inactivation efficacy of ultraviolet C irradiation at 254 nm (UV 254) and far-UVC radiation at 222 nm (UV 222) against four hNoV GII strains and two surrogate viruses, Tulane virus (TV) and bacteriophage MS2. A symptom scoring assay was developed to assess hNoV infectivity following microinjection into zebrafish embryos, being used in combination with reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), long-range RT-qPCR, and RNase-treated RT-qPCR. With a general laboratory setup of viruses being suspended in deionized water droplets in Petri dish, UV 222 irradiated at 7 and 70 mJ/cm IMPORTANCE: Human norovirus (hNoV), the main cause of foodborne illness and non-bacterial gastroenteritis, can be transmitted through human-to-human contact. Indirectly, food or food-related surfaces are readily contaminated by hNoV, completing the transmission route. So far, no standard cultivation tool is available for detecting viable hNoV, resulting in the challenges of evaluating inactivation effectiveness of various disinfection technologies, including UV 222 treatments. The significance of our study lies in attempts to quantify hNoV infectivity loss of four strains using zebrafish model during UV 222 and UV 254 treatments, together with the underlying antiviral mechanisms indicated by three different types of reverse transcription qPCR methods. In addition, the concerns over the possible emergence of variants were subdued by genome-wide sequencing results after consecutive UV exposures and passaging
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