ArticleClinical & translational immunology2026
Seropositivity against rubella virus envelope protein 1, but not 2, is associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis.
Article in Clinical & translational immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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13 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: Several factors have been associated with altered risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the critical risk factor for MS, but recent studies indicate that human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are involved in MS aetiopathogenesis. We recently reported an association between rubella virus (RV) envelope protein 1 (E1) seropositivity and the risk of developing MS. Here, we aimed to further explore this association. Methods: Bio-banked blood samples collected before the onset of MS from 981 cases and 1278 matched controls were analysed for antibodies against RV envelope proteins 1 and 2 (E2), and serum-neurofilament light chain (S-NfL), a marker for axonal injury. The association between RV and MS was analysed with conditional logistic regression, calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Rubella E1 seropositivity was significantly associated with a higher risk of MS development, even when adjusting for EBV, CMV and HHV-6A serostatus (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.14, Conclusions: Our results support a broadening of the viral hypothesis in MS, arguing for further studies on the neurotropic RV in MS aetiology.
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