The Prevalence of Tic Disorders in Poland: Regional and Sex Differences.

Background: Primary tic disorders, including provisional tic disorder, chronic tic disorders and Tourette syndrome (TS), are common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental conditions. Epidemiological data from Central and Eastern Europe remain limited. This nationwide registry-based study provides the first population-level overview of tic disorders in Poland over a 14-year period. Methods: We analysed anonymised National Health Fund data from 2010-2024, identifying individuals diagnosed with tic disorders (ICD-10 F95), including provisional tic disorder (F95.0), chronic motor or phonic tic disorder (F95.1), and TS (F95.2). Comorbid ADHD (F90) and OCD (F42) were examined. Prevalence was stratified by age, sex, and region. Age at first diagnosis and healthcare utilisation were assessed. Healthcare utilisation was defined as the number of inpatient and outpatient encounters in which tic disorders were recorded as either a primary or comorbid diagnosis. Results: Recorded prevalence increased across all tic disorders. Prevalence was higher in males than females (p < 0.001), with male-to-female ratios ranging from 2:1 for provisional tics to 5-6:1 for TS in children. First diagnoses peaked between 6-12 years, with females diagnosed later than males (p < 0.001). Marked regional variation was observed, with higher prevalence in southern and southeastern regions (p < 0.001). ADHD and OCD were common, particularly in TS, and were associated with increased healthcare utilisation (p < 0.001). While total visits increased, visits per patient declined. Conclusions: Tic disorder prevalence has risen in Poland, with persistent regional disparities, highlighting the need for improved specialist access, earlier recognition, and integrated management of comorbidities.