ArticleRSC advances2026
Eggshell waste derived nano-hydroxyapatite/metakaolin composites for bone scaffold applications.
Article in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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2 authors.
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Abstract
This study presents a novel, zero-waste wet chemical precipitation method for synthesizing eggshell-derived nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced with metakaolin (MK) for potential biomedical applications. Calcium oxide obtained from calcined eggshells served as the calcium source, and MK was incorporated at varying weight ratios (25-100% of HA mass) prior to cold pressing. The composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and BET analyses to assess phase composition, functional groups, microstructure, and surface area. Results confirmed successful HA formation with rod-like nanocrystals, while increasing MK content reduced crystallinity and crystallite size (37.3-21.1 nm) due to aluminosilicate incorporation. Cold pressing decreased porosity (63-55%), increased bulk density (1.57-1.66 g cm
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