Dewatering assessment of sewage sludge: a remaining challenge.

Improved sewage sludge dewaterability saves costs in biosolids transport and disposal, making reliable dewaterability assessment essential for both research and full-scale process evaluation. However, laboratory-based indexes commonly used to predict dewatering performance often show limited correspondence with full-scale results. Nonetheless, indexes such as capillary suction time (CST), sedimentation and centrifugation methods, specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and mixed dead-end techniques show biases when trying to resemble full-scale results. In our present article, we pose that lack of predictability originates from overlooking all the phenomena involved in the dewatering process. Four critical phenomena are identified to occur during dewaterability: (1) mixing of sludge and conditioner; (2) suspension destabilisation; (3) flocs formation, and (4) compression and expression. By systematically evaluating widely used laboratory indexes this review shows that these methods capture only part of the dewatering process and generally fail to represent the compression and expression stages that ultimately determine the ultimate achievable solids concentration. The analysis highlights sludge compressibility as a critical factor limiting the predictive capacity of conventional indexes. Based on this synthesis, centrifugation, dead-end filtration, and combined centrifugation-filtration approaches are identified as more suitable methods for laboratory-scale assessment because they better represent the compression behaviour of sludge. The review provides a conceptual framework linking dewatering phenomena with experimental assessment methods, supporting the development of improved evaluation strategies and facilitating the testing of emerging, environmentally friendly conditioning technologies. Graphical abstract: