Low awareness of viral causes of Cancer among United States adults by smoking status: findings from health information national trends survey (2024).

Wenxue Lin, Shengyang Wang, Lin Ge

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Wenxue LinDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.

Shengyang WangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.

Lin GeDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: Viral infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major risk factors of liver cancer, and smoking may modify this risk. This study aimed to quantitively assess differences in awareness of HBV and HCV as cancer risk factors by smoking status among U.S. adults. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2024 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 7) with Results: Awareness of HBV as a cancer risk factor was low and did not differ significantly by smoking status (current smokers, 17.2%; former smokers, 18.7%; non-smokers, 18.0%; Conclusions: Awareness of viral hepatitis as a cancer risk factor remains low regardless of smoking status, underscoring the need for improved public health education, vaccination, and screening.

Indexed as

Health surveysHepatitis B virusHepatitis C virusRisk factorsSmokers

Identifiers

PMID42004524

DOI10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103466

PMCPMC13090952

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.