ArticleACS omega2026
Experimental Study on Wettability Reversal in Coal Reservoirs Induced by the Synergy of Nitrogen and Surfactant.
Article in ACS omega, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Reducing wettability to mitigate the water-blocking effect is a critical objective in the development of fracturing fluids for deep coalbed methane reservoirs. Herein, No. 8 gas coal from the Baode Coal Mine on the eastern margin of China's Ordos Basin was used to investigate the influence of nitrogen-surfactant fracturing fluid systems on coal wettability. Coal samples were treated by immersing in hydrophobic (31526) and hydrophilic (OP-10) surfactants. Variations in the solid-liquid contact angles under nitrogen pressures ranging from 0.1 to 8.0 MPa and hydrophilic functional groups (oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups) were systematically investigated. Under ambient air conditions (0.1 MPa nitrogen atmosphere), the contact angles of the original, 31526-treated, and OP-10-treated coal samples were 65.6°, 71.8°, and 41.4°, respectively. With an increasing nitrogen pressure, the contact angles of the three samples increased: a behavior independent of the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the surfactants. The primary mechanism is attributed to high-pressure nitrogen occupying adsorption sites on the coal surface, forming a gas barrier that hinders the invasion of water molecules and reduces wettability. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that treatment with 31526 decreased the contents of oxygen-containing and hydroxyl functional groups by 24.72% and 9.50%, respectively, increasing the contact angle and reducing wettability. In contrast, OP-10 treatment increased oxygen-containing and hydroxyl functional groups by 98.20% and 24.44%, respectively, decreasing the contact angle and enhancing wettability. Under the synergistic effects of 31526 and nitrogen, a wettability reversal from water-wet to gas-wet was achieved on the coal surface under a nitrogen pressure of ∼4.5 MPa. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of fracturing fluid systems for deep low-water-content coal reservoirs.
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