Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42004244›Full record

ReviewCardiology research and practice2026

Beyond the Biopsy: Imaging Frontiers in Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Ibrahim Antoun, Jalal Assadi, Mustafa Zakkar, G Andre Ng, Sanjay S Bhandari

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cardiology research and practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Prognostic impact ofBMC pulmonary medicine · 2026
    Article
  2. Beyond the Biopsy: Imaging Frontiers in Cardiac Sarcoidosis.Cardiology research and practice · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ibrahim AntounDepartment of Cardiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK, nhs.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4374-7476
Jalal AssadiDepartment of Radiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK, nhs.uk.
Mustafa ZakkarDivision of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, le.ac.uk.
G Andre NgDepartment of Cardiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK, nhs.uk.
Sanjay S BhandariDepartment of Cardiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK, nhs.uk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) represents an inflammatory infiltrative disease, which creates difficulties during diagnosis and prognosis. The identification and management of CS heavily depend on advanced cardiac imaging techniques. The article examines multimodality imaging in CS by evaluating cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), echocardiography, CT and hybrid imaging approaches. This review examines each imaging modality with respect to its fundamental principles, diagnostic capabilities, benefits and drawbacks and references key research from the past decade. CMR stands as the primary diagnostic method for detecting myocardial scar and fibrosis in CS patients, providing essential prognostic information. The PET/CT system with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) provides an effective method for detecting active inflammation and tracking treatment response. Echocardiography is a readily accessible screening tool that reveals the structural and functional effects of CS, while strain imaging techniques enable the detection of early disease involvement. The use of delayed-enhanced cardiac CT provides an alternative method for detecting myocardial scar. It helps identify patients who are ineligible for CMR and excludes coronary artery disease. Diagnostic confidence and disease activity assessment improve with hybrid imaging, particularly when PET/MR is used. The Discussion section integrates these findings with an evaluation of emerging quantitative imaging markers and novel tracers that show promise for enhancing CS evaluation. The implementation of multimodality imaging techniques has transformed the management of CS by enabling earlier diagnosis, risk assessment and treatment guidance. A personalised imaging approach that combines multiple diagnostic methods yields the best results for diagnosing CS and enhances patient-care outcomes.

Indexed as

cardiac magnetic resonancecardiac sarcoidosisFDG-PET CTmultimodality imagingmyocardial inflammation

Identifiers

PMID42004244
PMCPMC13090679

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.