'It is not my business': Adolescent boys' experiences and responses to community violence in Soweto, South Africa.

Background: Community violence is linked to adverse social and health outcomes. South Africa has high rates of community violence, particularly in townships where higher rates of poverty and unemployment are reported. The purpose of this study was to understand adolescent boys' experiences, perceptions, and responses to community violence. Methods: This study employed a qualitative design, conducting in-depth interviews with 48 adolescent boys aged 15-19 in Soweto, South Africa. This sample was drawn from a larger longitudinal study (2020-2023) of 498 young males, both living with and without HIV, investigating the associations of violence with HIV transmission. Participants were asked about their experiences with community violence and related health behaviors. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants described multiple and intersecting forms of community violence including physical assaults, gender-based violence, group or gang-related attacks, robberies and entire communities against one person, known as "mob justice". These were perceived as routine and normal aspects of daily life linked to drug dealing, alcohol abuse, establishing gang territory, jealousy over girls, and limited opportunities for young men. Violence was also connected to masculine identity and used as expressions of strength, loyalty, and group defense. Coping strategies ranged from avoiding conflicts and emotional detachment to joining gangs for protection. There were mixed opinions on the utility of calling the police because they did not consistently respond. Conclusions: Our findings show how community violence is embedded in the lived realities of adolescent boys. Interventions must address both current and historical causes by improving employment, teaching communication and conflict resolution skills and rebuilding relationships between communities and police.