ArticleThe British journal of clinical psychology2026
Developmental trajectories of social responsiveness and theory of mind in adolescent offspring at familial high-risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and population-based controls-The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, VIA 15.
Article in The British journal of clinical psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesWe aimed to investigate the developmental trajectories of social responsiveness and theory of mind (ToM) from childhood to adolescence in offspring at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) and population-based controls (PBC).
designThe Danish High Risk and Resilience Study is a longitudinal cohort study investigating offspring at FHR-SZ (n = 202) or FHR-BP (n = 120) and PBC (n = 200), assessed at age 7, 11 and 15.
methodsSocial responsiveness was measured with The Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition, completed by a teacher and the primary caregiver, and ToM was assessed using the Animated Triangles Task. Developmental differences and cross-sectional between-group differences were ascertained with multi-level mixed effects linear regression models.
resultsWe found non-significantly different development of social responsiveness and ToM across groups. At age 15, offspring at FHR-SZ displayed social responsiveness impairments compared with PBC, both according to teachers and primary caregivers. Offspring at FHR-BP only displayed social responsiveness impairments compared with PBC according to the primary caregivers. Significantly more offspring at FHR-SZ displayed clinically significant impairments in social responsiveness compared with PBC. We found no significant between-group difference in ToM at age 15.
conclusionsEspecially offspring at FHR-SZ, but also offspring at FHR-BP, show developmental deficits in social responsiveness and normal ToM development from childhood to adolescence, indicating that social responsiveness impairments may constitute a vulnerability marker. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings and to investigate the long-term impact of social responsiveness impairments in offspring at FHR-SZ or FHR-BP.
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