Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42002699›Full record

ArticleJournal of fluorescence2026

Synthesis, DFT Analysis, and Dyeing Performance of 4,4'-Dihyroxy-3-Substituted Azobenzene Disperse Dyes with Comparative Evaluation of Aqueous and DMF-Based Application Systems.

Mohamed A El-Rahman, Mai S Alsubaie, Mohamed A El-Atawy, Hussam Y Alharbi, Majed S Aljohani, Saad Alrashdi, Alaa Z Omar, Ezzat A Hamed, Reham O El-Zawawy

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Article in Journal of fluorescence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Mohamed A El-RahmanChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21231, Egypt.
Mai S AlsubaieResearch Department, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Mohamed A El-AtawyChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21231, Egypt.
Hussam Y AlharbiDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science in Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu Governorate, Saudi Arabia.
Majed S AljohaniDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science in Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu Governorate, Saudi Arabia.
Saad AlrashdiDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341, Saudi Arabia.
Alaa Z OmarChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21231, Egypt. alaazaki@alexu.edu.eg.
Ezzat A HamedChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21231, Egypt.
Reham O El-ZawawyChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A series of 4,4′-dihydroxy-3-substituted azobenzene disperse dyes (2a–f) were synthesized, fully characterized (FT-IR, 1H/13C NMR, CHN elemental analysis) and evaluated by DFT (B3LYP/6-31G(d, p)) to link electronic structure with dyeing performance. TD-DFT reproduces experimental λmax with deviations ≤ 12 nm, supporting the computational model. Compound 2e (3-CHO) shows the highest electrophilicity (ω = 4.6441 eV) and dipole moment (µ = 4.9366 D), while dye 2d (3-COOH) delivered the highest color strength (K/S = 21.64 in 5% DMF–95% H2O), corresponding to a ≈ 46.3% increase relative to the aqueous + dispersant system (K/S = 14.79). Exhaustion (%E) and fastness data (wash, perspiration, scorch, light) indicate generally commercial-grade fixation for the series, with light fastness uniformly high (7–8). We show that modest DMF addition (5% v/v) improves color uptake for some substituents but can slightly reduce certain fastness metrics; therefore DMF is used here as a mechanistic probe (improves solubility/partitioning under controlled lab conditions) rather than a recommended scale-up solvent. The combined experimental, DFT analysis identifies structure property rules to guide design of disperse dyes with improved color strength and predictable application behaviour.

Indexed as

AminophenolAzo dyeColor strengthDFTDisperse dyeFastness properties

Identifiers

PMID42002699
PMCPMC13226321

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