Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42002614›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Effects of graphene and CNT nanoparticle additives on combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel engine under varying injection pressures.

R Sebastin Nesa Raj, B Stanly Jones Retnam, M Dev Anand, R R Neela Rajan, M Anish, J R Deepak, Ajay Kumar, Ali El-Rayyes

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

R Sebastin Nesa RajDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari, India.
B Stanly Jones RetnamDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari, India.
M Dev AnandDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari, India.
R R Neela RajanDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari, India.
M AnishSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.
J R DeepakSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.
Ajay KumarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Architecture, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India. ajay.kumar1@jaipur.manipal.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-1902
Ali El-RayyesCenter for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of fuel injection pressure and nanoparticle additives on the combustion, performance, and emissions of a CI diesel engine fuelled with diesel–waste cooking oil biodiesel blends. Injection pressure was varied between 180 and 240 bar, and graphene Nano platelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added at 50 ppm. Increasing the injection pressure to 240 bar improved combustion quality and raised brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 2.1%, while reducing brake-specific fuel consumption relative to lower pressures. The graphene-based blend (W20G3) exhibited the most significant emission benefits, achieving a 68% reduction in HC, 4.6% reduction in CO, and 2.5% reduction in NOx compared to baseline biodiesel at the same injection pressure. Meanwhile, the CNT-modified blend (W20C3) produced the largest improvement in smoke opacity, achieving a 44.6% reduction due to enhanced soot oxidation associated with its tubular morphology. The results confirm that graphene is more effective in reducing gaseous pollutants, whereas CNTs excel in reducing smoke, and that an injection pressure of 240 bar optimizes nanoparticle-assisted combustion. These findings provide quantitative evidence for improving biodiesel formulations and fuel injection strategies to achieve cleaner and more efficient diesel engine operation.

Indexed as

Carbon nanotubeEmissionsGrapheneHydrocarbonsWaste cooking oil

Identifiers

PMID42002614
PMCPMC13254053

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.