ArticleBMC psychology2026
Gaze behaviors during forehand clear and backhand driving in badminton: a comparison between beginner, intermediate and expert players.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeVisual perception and gaze behavior play a crucial role in fast-paced sports such as badminton, where athletes must rapidly process visual cues to anticipate shuttlecock trajectories and respond effectively. However, little is known about how gaze strategies differ across stroke types and skill levels. This study investigates differences in gaze behavior metrics during the performance of forehand clears and backhand drives among individuals at varying skill levels (beginners, intermediates, and experts).
methodsParticipants completed over 150 forehand clears and 150 backhand drives in a randomized sequence while wearing Pupil Invisible glasses to track gaze metrics. Gaze counts, velocity, trajectory length, pre-fixation counts (prefix counts), and pre-fixation ratios (prefix ratios) were measured. Stroke initiation and termination were accurately captured using a remotely controlled shuttlecock launcher.
resultsThe analysis showed that gaze counts were significantly higher during forehand clears than during backhand drives (p < 0.05), regardless of expertise level. Conversely, prefix counts were significantly higher during backhand drives than forehand clears for all skill levels (p < 0.05). Beginners exhibited significantly higher prefix counts than intermediates and experts for both stroke types (p < 0.05). Additionally, beginners and experts demonstrated significantly higher prefix ratios during backhand drives than during forehand clears (p < 0.05), whereas intermediates did not show a significant difference between the two strokes (p > 0.05). Specifically, beginners had significantly higher prefix ratios than intermediates and experts for both strokes (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found among the groups in terms of velocity and trajectory length during the execution of either stroke (p > 0.05).
conclusionThese results emphasize the critical role of gaze behavior in enhancing skilled performance in badminton. Future studies should investigate the causal links between modifications in gaze behavior and performance enhancements in competitive environments.
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